GDNF and cancer: It is believed that neural infiltration is achieved primarily by three ways: axonogenesis induced by neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, GDNF) and axon-guidance molecules (Netrin-1, Ephrin B1) that are released from cancer cells, neural reprogramming or conversion of nerve types via extracellular vesicles derived from cancer cells, and neurogenesis as a result of differentiation of neural progenitor cells recruited by cancer cells (Silverman et al., 2021).