Controlled clinical studies have also shown that CCL20, CXCL10, CXCL16, and CCL25 are more highly expressed in inflamed intestinal tissues than in normal intestinal tissues (31), and IBD patients have a significant increase in an array of chemokines including CCL25, CCL23, CXCL5, CXCL13, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL21 in IBD patients as compared to normal healthy donors (11, 32). Here, CXCL16 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.