TNF mostly triggers apoptosis and necrosis in sensitive tissues, and excessive secretion of TNF is a key factor in the pathological development and can induce the development of several diseases [14, 15]; TNF also plays an important role during SARS-CoV-2 infection as it is upregulated in acute lung injury, triggers CRS and facilitates SARS-CoV-2 interaction with angiotensin–converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [16]. Here, TNF is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.