We chose to analyze the function of IRF-5 in CD4+ T cells from PLWH, since the infection is associated with a strong inflammatory environment and with a loss of CD4+ T cells before ART initiation (primary HIV-1–infected [PHI] phase), and because TLR7 is expressed on CD4+ T cells during HIV-1 infection (28). Here, CD4 is linked to HIV-1 infection.