Here, we reveal that the RA-related urinary microbiota displayed close correlations with host systemic immune responses; we found that increased amounts of Rhizorhapis, Stenotrophomonas, and Alcaligenes in RA patients were positively associated with plasma cells, serum LBP, and/or sCD14, with the latter being involved in the recognition of pathogenic bacteria and enhancement of LPS-mediated cytokine induction (25, –, 27). The gene discussed is LBP; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.