That adverse immune response in T1D can be directed against a number of self-antigens, including β-cell-specific preproinsulin, zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), islet-glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein, islet amyloid polypeptide and the more widely expressed glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2), glial fibrillary acidic protein and chromogranin A [8, 10]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.