In addition, because the ability to respond to TGF-β1 provides both a cooperative benefit (e.g., shared proteases or remodelling of the tumour microenvironment) as well as a personal benefit (i.e., migration in response to TGF-β1), cheating (i.e., loss of migration by not responding to TGF-β1) can be costly; and this personal cost can stabilize the cooperative interaction, as shown in other cooperative systems [54, 55]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.