After analysis of the overlap of biomarkers obtained using the two algorithms, 20 candidate biomarkers were finally obtained (Fig. 5D and Supplementary Table S8), as follows: AAK1, AIFM1, CCDC114, PTPRN2, TMEM54, CDH15, CXCR1, ABI3BP, FAM149A, SLC9A3R1, ISPD, VIT, TEAD3, BAK1, PSMD3, FUT11, PLCG2, CFP, TRAPPC6B, and JDP2. Most genes were upregulated in PCOS, except AAK1, CCDC114, PTPRN2, CDH15, ISPD, FUT11, and CFP (Fig. 6A and B). Here, PSMD3 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.