Considering that IL-1β and IL-23 are triggered by foreign antigens [38, 41], together with the fact that the ICOS/ICOSL pathway mediates the inflammatory response [46, 47], the role of the ICOS/ICOSL pathway in the interaction between ILC3s and B cells in diseases like infection and tumorigenesis needs to be further studied. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.