According to the results of the GSVA, M/PDA cells were mainly enriched in cancer-related signalling pathways contributing to tumour growth, proliferation, and metastasis, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, E2F targets, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and KRAS signalling pathways (Supplementary Fig. 3b, Supplementary Data 1). Here, KRAS is linked to neoplasm.