PTGS2 and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were obviously decreased (Fig. 7B to H), while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, containing interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), in the hippocampi and cortices of 5xFAD mice were increased after TMAS treatment (Fig. 7B to H) but suppressed in the AD + TMAS + GsM group.