IL4 and atopic eczema: 2015). Similar data were recently obtained using Talaromyces marneffei EVs (Yang et al. 2021). In M. sympodialis, EVs were shown to induce both TNF-α and IL-4 cytokines production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), albeit the production of only IL-4 was significantly higher when PBMC from patients suffering from atopic eczema were used as compared to healthy controls (Gehrmann et al. 2011).