Thus, CD69 may play a dual role in atherosclerosis development and possibly other pathologies through modulation of PD-1 levels and the control of T cells exhaustion program (Fernandez et al., 2019[19]; Tsilingiri et al., 2019[81]; Jiménez-Fernández et al., 2022[32]). This evidence concerns the gene CD69 and atherosclerosis.