Abnormal CAT accumulation stimulates the release of inflammatory cytokines [i.e. interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-16, IL-17, G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)] that could lead to the progression of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries, myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, arrythmias, and other adverse cardiac events (13–16). Here, TNF is linked to myocardial infarction.