IFNG and infection: In contrast to the IAV/Sp model, bacteria-specific Th1 responses (IFN-γ) were similar between H. influenzae single infection and IAV/H. influenzae coinfection despite that Th17 responses specific to H. influenzae were inhibited as well (63), suggesting the impairment of antibacterial Th17 responses is modulated by different mechanisms in different bacteria coinfected with IAV.