HSPA5 and cancer: It is important to note that the transcriptional dysregulation caused by CS-GRP78 in cancer can occur from genetic changes, either indirectly through signaling factors such as NF-KB, STAT3, and SMAD influencing transcriptional control, or directly through genetic changes in genes themselves, such as c-Myc, YAP/TAZ, and histone acetylation [18, 22, 38, 39].