CS and cancer: Elevated levels of CS-GRP78 have been identified in various types of cancer, including prostate [6], pancreatic [18], breast [19], lung [20], gastric [21], glioma [22], ovarian [23], hepatocellular [24], esophageal [25], head and neck [26], fibrosarcoma [27], melanoma [22], renal [28], and endometrial [29].