A paper by Seo et al. [29] demonstrated an indirect immunomodulatory effect of hepatocyte derived EVs in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treated mouse model, where they activate toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in HSCs and thus enhance interleukin-17 A (IL-17 A) produced by γδ T cells, exacerbating liver fibrosis. Here, TLR3 is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.