Furthermore, CAFs stimulate the proliferation of cancer cells and suppress the proliferation of NK cells and CD8 + T lymphocytes by releasing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-10, IL-1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and some others [51]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.