KRAS and neoplasm: Noteworthy, a pancreatic tumor patient had a partial response with 50% reduction in tumor burden following treatment with trametinib plus hydroxychloroquine, while there was no obvious evidence of concurrent toxicity.457 As such, cooperatively targeting autophagy and MEK/ERK is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating KRAS mutant pancreatic tumors, as well as advanced gastrointestinal malignancies (NCT05221320), biliary cancer (NCT04566133), NSCLC (NCT04735068), and gastrointestinal cancer (NCT04214418) (Table 3).