ERN1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Moreover, the association between PARP16 and activated IRE1α–sXBP1 signaling was also verified in cardiac tissues from mice that injected with AAV9-shPARP16 and subsequently subjected to TAC surgery (Fig. 7d), suggesting that PARP16 modulates the IRE1α–sXBP1 pathway in TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy.