S100A1 and heart failure: Advanced heart failure may change the expression of S100A1 in cardiomyocytes, resulting in lowering S100A1 tissue levels (Imbalzano et al. 2016), and overexpression of S100A1 can effectively improve heart failure (Pleger et al. 2008; Belmonte et al. 2011; Soltani et al. 2021; Brinks et al. 2011; Ehlermann et al. 2000).