In particular, two genes (OXTR and OAS3) showed evidence for association with alcohol dependence or consumption in GWAS (at p ≤ 9 × 10−6) [58, 59]; 48 genes were differentially expressed in at least one human brain region between alcohol dependence and control individuals; and 55 genes were differentially expressed in the brains of selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats consuming large amounts of alcohol [57, 60]. Here, OAS3 is linked to alcohol dependence.