TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition to the above studied mechanisms, a number of preclinical research have explored that MDSCs also promote tumor development of HCC via multiple signaling pathway, involving in p38 MAPK, TGF-β, etc. It was found that insufficient Radiofrequency ablation (iRFA) treatment exhibited liver tumor proliferation and metastasis, recruited PMN-MDSC expansion, dampened CD8+ T cells response, and blockade of the Mettl1/TGF-β2/PMN-MDSC axis alleviates tumor development [109].