Using discovery and validation cohorts, we did not see any difference in the stress score levels between 1) T1D normoalbuminuria groups treated with ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and/or Beta blockers vs. not treated (Figure 6F) nor between 2) T1D and T2D normoalbuminuria groups vs. non-diabetic controls (Figure 6G). Here, ACE is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.