TNF and neoplasm: In addition, simvastatin can repolarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and promote the M2-M1 phenotypic transformation via cholesterol-related liver X receptors/adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter A1 regulation, which upregulates tumor necrosis factor-α and downregulates TGF-β, thus remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME) and synergistically reversing EMT-associated paclitaxel (PTX) resistance 52.