Mohamedahmed and Abakar (81) implicated high TNF-α plasma levels with susceptibility to severe malaria, and this was corroborated with previous reports (26, 82, 83) that showed that TNF - 238G/A, a TNF-α SNP was associated with severe malaria and/or progression from uncomplicated malaria infection to severe malaria. Here, TNF is linked to malaria.