The inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) participants aged 18 years or older; (b) advanced CKD (chronic kidney disease in which there is a severe reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR < 30 ml/min)); (c) RAS inhibitors, including either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or ARB administration; (d) at least one outcome was reported. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is chronic kidney disease.