CCL2 and osteoporosis: MCP-1 was also involved in the development of T2DM complications, and MCP-1 significantly elevated in patients with T2DM retinopathy, osteoporosis, cardiovascular complications, and diabetic nephropathy (Reddy et al., 2017; Ferland-McCollough et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019; Schrauben et al., 2021).