TPO and HIV infectious disease: NCOR2 accelerates PTC progression by upregulating metastasis-associated protein 2 expression (40) (5); Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) may alter clinicopathological features of PTC by drug interactions or effects on the immune system (41) (6); Cachexia, psychological effects and stress with HIV infection are also the important clinical risk factors of PTC (42) (7); Changes of thyroid-related cytokines after HIV infection, such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), rT3 and anti-TPO antibody may also play roles.