MMP9 and cancer: It was shown that TAMs might release CCL2, which induced MCF10A to develop an EMT and an invasive phenotype by increasing endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase-1 (ERO-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9).318 Similarly, TAM-secreted CCL5 may significantly increase prostate cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and EMT through activation of the β-catenin/STAT3 signaling pathway.319 With the help of CCL5 binding to CCR5 in macrophages, malignant phyllodes tumor could attract and repolarize TAMs, activating the AKT signaling pathway.