However, pharmacokinetic models accessible in the SwissADME web tool predicted that these anti-cancer drugs were unlikely to reach the brain tissues through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and more likely to be effluated and degraded by P-glycoproteins and cytochromes P450 (CYP) in the brain, respectively, which diminish their supposed efficacy [25]. Here, PPIG is linked to cancer.