CD4 and cancer: The TME is the networks of cells (such as immune cells, immune cell receptors (CD4, CD8, CD80, and NKG2D), and cancer-associated fibroblasts), promoting factors (i.e.: tumor promotors (MAPK and P38), cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and INF-γ), growth factors (TGF-β and VEGF), hormones, and signal stimulators (Fe, NO, and ROS), associated with the extracellular matrix and surrounding vasculature that surrounds cancer cells.