Next, univariate analysis confirmed that CD16, CD274, HLA-DR, CD28, CD45RA, IL-5R, CD38 and CD34 were elevated in patients with type 1 diabetes, whereas galectin-10, CD24 and IL-7R were lower in patients with type 1 diabetes (Fig. 4C–M). This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.