NLRP3 and HIV infectious disease: In the brain, HIV infection is related to neuronal cell death caused by chronic neuroinflammatory responses, such as NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglial cells [86], glutamate excitotoxicity due to impaired glutamate uptake by astrocytes [87], intensified BBB permeability associated with pericyte dysfunction or loss [13, 88, 89], and chronically increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines released mostly by the cells supporting HIV replication [90].