AQP4 and neuromyelitis optica: This relationship between neuroinflammation and AQP4 was explained in research on neuromyelitis optica (NMO), in which serum antibodies were found to recognize astrocytic AQP4 and to be associated with oedema in human autopsied brains; in this research, it was found that AQP4 upregulation was consistently found in astrocytes in various inflammatory lesions [28, 29].