The RT+PD−1/CTLA-4 blockade+α-OX40/α-GITR/α-ICOS/α-4-1BB triple regimen achieved substantial improvement of primary tumors, metastasis control and improved survival outcomes with fewer exhausted T cells and Tregs in 4T1, NSCLC, Panc02, and GBM mouse models.183–186. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and glioblastoma.