PICALM and Alzheimer disease: These included the upregulation of 38 genes enriched for detoxification and metal ion response (metallothionein genes MT1E, MT1F, MT1M, MT1X, and MT2A) and notably included PICALM, which has been previously associated with AD risk in genome-wide association studies and is involved in vascular clearance of Aβ pathology (Harold et al., 2009; Z. Zhao et al., 2015; Kisler et al., 2023).