GSEA revealed that ECM receptor interaction, focal adhesion, pathways in cancer, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and tight junction were highly and significantly enriched in the high–CAF-risk group; ssGSEA results also showed that the CAF risk score was positively correlated with ECM receptor interaction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and TGF-β signaling pathway enrichment scores in both two cohorts. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.