VEGFA and Parkinson disease: Lan et al. (2022) observed that the increased vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in astrocytes resulted in BBB damage with decreased expressions of tight junction-related genes and increased permeability. Microglia also take part in the inflammation around BBB in Parkinson’s disease. The interaction between microglia and dead neurons causes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and a-synuclein accumulation, which drives BBB dysfunction and Parkinson-like symptoms (Badanjak et al., 2021).