Kaliberov et al.243have extensively reviewed the combination of RT with the delivery of various transgenes, including gene therapy strategies responsible for DNA repair pathways (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2), sensitizing tumor cells to radiation (e.g., high‐affinity membrane receptors), modulation of apoptosis pathways (e.g., P53, Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xl, and survivin), targeting the tumor microenvironment (e.g., VEGF, EGFR, TNF‐α), immunomodulation (e.g., various cytokines), and oncolytic virotherapy. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is neoplasm.