Upon DGE analysis, we found that NEC vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells uniformly up-regulated chemokines such as CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 as well as adhesion molecule, ICAM1, consistent with endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment (Fig 4D and 4E) [39]. Here, CCL2 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.