As inhibition of TGF-β signaling has been shown to delay prostate cancer progression to castration resistance in vitro and in vivo, a tantalizing opportunity arising from the present study may be the incorporation of systemic therapies targeting TGF-β, including TGF-β traps, in the backbone of EBRT and ADT in the setting of high risk localized prostate cancer [25, 26]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.