These previous findings suggest a tumor-promoting and anti-immune state in cluster B. Furthermore, most of the immune checkpoint genes (including PD-1 and CTLA4) and genes that inhibit the cancer‐immunity cycle were also highly expressed in cluster B, which further indicated the immunosuppressive state in cluster B. PD-1 and CTLA4 were highly expressed in cluster B, suggesting that patients in cluster B may benefit more from anti-PD1/CTALA4 therapy. Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.