On the other hand, several reports indicate that both acute and chronic alcohol elevate RA in adult and fetal brain (Kane et al., 2010) and in the developing or adult cerebellum (McCaffery et al., 2004), and an antagonist of RARβ suppresses RARβ expression and reverses chronic ethanol-induced cognitive impairment (Alfos et al., 2001). This evidence concerns the gene RARB and Cognitive impairment.