Holder pasteurization is the most effective method considering its safety against viral infection, but it has disadvantage of reducing the biological activities of various components in HM, such as growth factors, lysozyme, immunoglobulin, lactoferrin, enzymes, and some cytokines and vitamins [30] Short-term high-temperature sterilization (72 °C for 5 s) shows a similar effect in CMV DNA reduction as Holder pasteurization and is known to be excellent at preserving the activities of growth hormones and enzymes [31–33]. Here, LTF is linked to viral infectious disease.