TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: Until now, most of the in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of TGF-β in atherosclerosis have focused on TGF-β1 alone, on neutralization of all three isoforms simultaneously, or on manipulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway.5,6 Importantly, functional studies of TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 in atherosclerosis are currently lacking.