ESR1 and osteoporosis: Studies have shown that bisphosphonates can increase bone mineral density in men and postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.[18] A systematic review of trials published between 2005 and 2019 demonstrated that bisphosphonates reduced the occurrence of fragility fractures caused by osteoporosis.[19] Other drugs, such as estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators, denosumab, and teriparatide, have also been shown to have effective therapeutic effects.