To independently validate UPP1 expression in human PDA, we used patient samples to assay tumoural UPP1 expression by RNAscope (Fig. 3g,h and Extended Data Fig. 7a), the cellular distribution of UPP1 expression by single cell RNA sequencing (Extended Data Fig. 7b,c), and UPP1 expression by immunohistochemistry (Extended Data Fig. 7d). Here, UPP1 is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.