TNF and neoplasm: Compared with a tumour neoantigen derived from the paired amphipathic helix protein SIN3A, peptide SINA3A* 300–312 (QPVEFNHAIHYVN; ‘*’ marks all mutated proteins throughout the paper), which was part of the tumour vaccine, the proliferative response of TILs to the 37 IPdBPs was very weak (Fig. 1d and Supplementary Table 10); however, they secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFNγ, TNF and GM-CSF upon stimulation with several IPdBPs (Fig. 1e).