TGFB1 and osteoarthritis: In addition, halofuginone, a small molecule derivative of febrifugine that has been granted orphan drug status for scleroderma and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, was proven to alleviate osteoarthritis progression with decreased type H vessel invasion in subchondral bone by suppressing SMAD2/3-dependent TGF-β signaling in BMSCs.458,459 These results indicate the therapeutic potential of targeting TGF-β in the subchondral bone to treat arthritis.